One of the most influential figures in the early development of computer science, George Forsythe, argued in 1968 that “the question ‘What can be automated?’ is one of the most inspiring philosophical and practical questions of contemporary civilization.” Almost 20 years later, Peter Denning wrote that computer science is “the body of knowledge dealing with the design, analysis, implementation, efficiency, and application of processes that transform information” and suggested that “What can be automated?” is the fundamental question underlying all of computing. That question emphasizes the very foundations of computing as a discipline - it asks, in a very general way, what in principle can be automated with any kind of machinery. Later Denning et al. refined the question to “What can be (efficiently) automated?” Although the discipline of computing has diversified greatly since 1968, this “fundamental question” has rarely been challenged…