John Cage is said to have once sat in an anechoic chamber for some time. Upon exiting, Cage remarked to the engineer on duty that after some time he was able to perceive two discrete sounds, one high pitched and one low. The engineer then explained that the high-pitched sound was his nervous system and the low his circulatory system. There really is no escaping sound.
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Thank you to everyone who provided feedback – I am excited to see that the article has generated some discussion on the topic. I would like to respond in order to clarify some issues that were received as shortcomings or oversights.
Writing a history is always a difficult task, and the result will always be less than definitive because it represents one perspective among many. Writing a history spanning 40+ years within strong space constraints necessarily involves making some tough decisions about what to include and omit. Our intentions in writing this article were not so much to make a rhetorical argument about how sound in computing has developed (with A and B leading to C, which then influenced D and E), as to highlight some things that have happened in the past and are often unknown to modern designers.
We also rather specifically avoided dealing with Sound and Music Computing because it is too large a topic for such a short article. The article mentions CIRSAC because it is well-documented and stands as the first example of a computer designed for calculation but used to produce designed sounds. We told the story of the Reed students because it is interesting and undocumented (rather than historically important), and we otherwise tried to stay away from the topic of music. If we were to delve into such a topic (one which is near and dear to my own heart), I believe that we might have to begin the article with the Telharmonium rather than mainframes, and give detailed discussion to the development of synthesizers and the like. While these things are historically important, I believe that they had a much greater influence on the form and technology of sound in computing, than upon the way we think about sound when designing.
Finally, I would like to clarify our stance regarding current research into sound and computing. In my own mind, as a practicing designer who deals primarily with graphic user interfaces, I feel that there is a poverty of research into sound when compared to the amount of academic effort devoted to researching the graphic interface (or even haptic and gestural interfaces). I personally believe that sound is as important as the graphic interface, and as such should receive significantly more attention by the design community at large.
Again, thank you to everyone who provided feedback. I hope that this short response helps clarify our position and intentions with the article. If the necessarily short treatment given the topic in this article leads to other perspectives or more complete treatments then that is fantastic!
Despite the shortcomings mentioned in the posts below, thanks for considering the potential of sound in computing. I personally observe that ACM’s interest in sound comes in waves, and the last decade was definitely not a wave crest. The SIGSOUND is inactive since 1999, and maybe it is time to restore this SIG,
http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigsound/sigsound_fact_sheet.html
or somehow connect it to the exciting current activities mentioned in the other posts.
There are a couple of things or three that I find quite astounding in this paper:
a) there is no mention of the contribution of Max Mathews - somewhat surprising since quite a few lines are spent on the much smaller contribution of the CSIRAC
b) no mention of non-anglosaxon research is made. Annoying, since that’s where the Sonic Interaction Design research is happening (starting from the COST SID action http://www.cost-sid.org). The funny part of it is that the paper mentions that there’s a current lack of research in the field, but then it fails to mention the research that *is* actually actually taking place.
c) Sonic Interaction Design is still a subset of a much larger research area which deals with sound and music computing. This research area has recently produced a research roadmap which might be provide interesting information for the authors. They can find a pdf version here: http://www.smcnetwork.org/public/Roadmap-v1.0.pdf. The roadmap is actually actively maintained on live pages that are here: http://smcnetwork.org/roadmap.
Interesting article.
It would have been much richer if the article had taken into account the vast research on “Sound and Music Computing” (SMC) worldwide, and especially across the oceans. SMC, unlike the paper’s mention of “lack of research”, is a very active field atleast in Europe. Curious readers are referred to the special issue of Journal of New Music Research on the future of SMC with many articles on the state of the art of this kind of design (Vol. 36, Issue 3, 2007):
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=g790716829~db=all
In my humble opinion, there has been some relevant research in sound and music computing in the non-Anglo-Saxon world as well.
There is also an active research community that may be worth looking at: http://smcnetwork.org/
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