Authors:
Stefan Schneegass, Albrecht Schmidt, Max Pfeiffer
Muscle movement is central to virtually everything we do, be it walking, writing, drawing, smiling, or singing. Even while we're standing still, our muscles are active, ensuring that we keep our balance. In a recent forum [1] we showed how electrical signals on the skin that reflect muscle activity can be measured. Here, we look at the reverse direction. We explain how muscles can be activated and how movements can be controlled with electrical signals. Insights The basic approach of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is to first attach electrodes to the skin above a muscle, then deliver an…
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