Authors:
Roderick Murray-Smith, Antti Oulasvirta, Andrew Howes, Jörg Müller, Aleksi Ikkala, Miroslav Bachinski, Arthur Fleig, Florian Fischer, Markus Klar
The early days of every engineering subject involved examples of expensive failure. The skilled artisans of the day succeeded in making gradual progress, but these successes were punctuated by disasters that occurred when they made too large of an innovation step. From the collapse of cathedrals in France to the capsizing of the 17th-century Swedish warship Vasa, to more recent failures such as air accidents attributable to modern cockpit designs, we see the potential high cost of "in the wild" prototyping approaches, especially in modern environments involving rapidly changing demands, or when the complexity and expense of prototyping increase…
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